The Iliad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Iliad - Essay Example In a reflective exploration of Agamemnon’s decision to take Briseis from Achilles, it becomes palpable that the crucial decisions in the Iliad are not made by the heroes to a great extent. Rather, these decisions are influenced by external factors including power struggles, political issues, war threat, involvement of gods etc. Therefore, it is essential to establish that the heroes in the work by Homer play an insignificant role in the making of vital decisions in the course of the plot and a precise set of principles, known as the â€Å"heroic code†, influence their decisions. Significantly, Agamemnon’s decision to take Briseis from Achilles illustrates the fact that the important decisions by heroes in the epic are influenced by external factors and the â€Å"heroic code†. A profound analysis of the characters and actions in the epic the Iliad confirms that, to a great extent, the decisions made by the heroes are influenced by external factors and conditions, although there is difference of opinion on the matter. Thus, the various heroes of the epic, including Agamemnon and Achilles, are influenced by the power struggles, political pressures, the role of the gods etc in their decisions at the different stages of the story. For example, a careful reader of the epic realizes that there exists significant power struggle between the two heroes of the work, Agamemnon and Achilles, which has a pertinent impact on the decisions they take. In the epic, King Agamemnon represents fixed system of monarchy while Achilles represents the honor based system as he is the best warrior of his time. Decisions made by both these heroes are influenced by the complex relationship between them based on the power struggles in the epic. In a careful exploration of the decisions made by the heroes in the Iliad, it becomes lucid that a precise set of principles known as the â€Å"heroic code† lie beneath the decisions and actions by the heroic characters. A

Political Culture Essay Example for Free

Political Culture Essay The single greatest contributor to the way American Politics plays out both within and outside of our borders today is in our rich and long-lasting political culture that defines they way we look as the world and how to respond to it. Shaped by values, history, current events, and emotional commitments that our populace collectively shares, political culture in the United States determines the way government functions and reveals the intricacies of our collective way of life in a way nothing else can. Throughout our nations history there have been three different types of political culture proposed by three different authors as stated below. The first model of conceptualized liberty is a tradition of longstanding liberalism maintained by Myrdal in Wilsons American Politics. Claiming that Americans naturally crave their individual rights and want their liberty to constitute freedom within the law to do whatever they want as their own person, he states we are a self concerning people with central regard for our own lives independent of the rest of the nation. This style of political culture emerged the greatest during the 60s when individualists like hippies and protestors came out against the large Model II type government that strove to provide and manage the people in the overbearing sense it did. Todays culture draws strong parallels to liberalism as well, with most Americans concerned for their own rights first. An example of this is the dog laws imposed in New York where dogs cannot be off a leash or make excessive noise in Central Park that distracts other people. Some people feel they are having their right to quiet and safety violated by these dogs and the laws behind them, while others maintain it is their right to have dogs and be able to run them freely. The second claim is of political culture is the one that was created in the grand scheme by the founding fathers and proposed by Hartz. This perception of liberty claims that there is a collectivist notion of unity among the people that promotes the general welfare of the nation as a whole and not just based on individual rights. First established by puritan settlers who wanted to build a city on a hill with a strong central purpose and unity among its citizens, the concept of a strong government that united the people in one common goal to achieve the greater good became known as republicanism. This concept of liberty is alive today as the populace stands united against the global threat of terrorism that threatens all Americans equally. To protect each other and nation as a whole Americans look to the greater good beyond their personal rights to sustain the nations security. An example is in peoples ability to forego some of their individual rights in the patriot act or at airports to give up some privacy to keep them safe from terrorists in order to maintain the greater good of the nation. The third perception of liberty is proposed by Roger M. Smith who states that America is traditionally hierarchical and is driven by social and economic classes that preside over others. This concept has been prevalent for hundreds of years in times of slavery and civil unrest when African Americans and other surges of immigrants were oppressed and looked upon as outsiders by the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants that formed the backbone of the nation. While civil rights have been passed to make the nation equal for all, Smith argues an underlying factor of racism and inequality among minorities still lingers in the heart of America. An example of this is the Duke Lacrosse Scandal where three elite white males were charged in the rape of a black woman and media frenzy that ensued around it. Claiming that the white males thought themselves superior and able to escape consequences for crimes against minorities, African American leaders such as Al Sharpton and Jesse Jackson came out in force to lead rallies for their prosecution. Another parallel is Hurricane Katrina and the thousand of black residents displaced by it in 2005. Most of the 9th district of New Orleans was destroyed by the storm because it sat unprotected and vulnerable and to this day it remains in shambles with little done to improve the area. Smith would argue this is because of the racial and economic hierarchy that differentiates the poor African American residents of the area from the white controlling politians with the power to do anything about it. While all these three conceptions of liberty are prevalent and present in todays political culture, the structure of our government and the speed with which the world changes does not allow any one style to dominate the rest. Americans live off and pride themselves on their civil individual rights while at the same time unifying collectively to stand as one against outside threats like terrorism. There is some hierarchical dissonance that remains in the actions of many government officials and elite pockets of society separated from citizens of different economic standing and ethnicity, but after the civil rights laws were passed the vast majority of these problems have been removed. This leaves the United States with a balanced and ever changing political culture that hinges back and forth between the three conceptions of liberty.

Women in Afghanistan Essay -- Taliban, Turmoil, Famine, Drought

Throughout recent history, Afghanistan has been a country in turmoil. Famine, drought, civil war and Taliban rule have all had a significant impact on the Afghani people. While this has taken a very negative toll on all Afghan people, I believe, that none have been more negatively impacted than the women of Afghanistan. Having said that, not everything the Western world deems as a negative is also considered negative by the women and men of Afghanistan. One only has to read this quote, â€Å"Wearing the burqua is not mandatory, but few women are rushing to remove them† (Germani 14). While the Taliban and al-Qaida’s rule had a great negative impact from 1996-2001 and obviously oppressive to all Afghani women. They were not the sole source of oppression felt by the Afghan females as stated in this quote, â€Å"The roots of patriarchal oppression go deep in Afghan society - far deeper than the Taliban or al-Qaida.†(Rostami-Povey, E. 2007) As shown in the movie, Enemies of Happiness ( ) Afghan women are still suffering from planned and child bride marriages. Even though marriages of females below the age of 16 are outlawed by the constitution, this movie clearly shows that this continues to happen. As well does the reading from the introduction of Afghan Women in this quote â€Å"Afghan authorities do not investigate women’s complaints† (Rostami-Povey 2). More proof comes from the Ms Magazine article Stones can’t Stop Them, when in April of 2009 the President of Afghanistan signed the Shia Personal Status Law, that included, recognizing child marriages (Tang 21). And although this law was later withdrawn, it shows that oppressive thinking that is still going on in the Afghanistan culture today. Education is another way in which Afghan wo... ... and I saw the civil war; I saw everything damaged and destroyed,† she says, â€Å"This thought was always in my head: ‘I have to be in construction; I have to help conditions here† (Lemmon 35). Afghani women are indeed making a difference; they are also doing it on their own terms. Women of Afghanistan have endured many hardships and unfathomable oppression. A country plagued by war and continued rule by an inhumane rà ©gime or other unwelcome forms of governance. Despite all this, the women of Afghanistan have shown a tremendous resilience and human spirit that shows that women of the world, no matter how badly subjugated, will continue to strive for what they believe in. They are a true testimony to all women and one that I feel shows that the true spirit of mankind may inherently come from the female of the species and not from the much celebrated male! Women in Afghanistan Essay -- Taliban, Turmoil, Famine, Drought Throughout recent history, Afghanistan has been a country in turmoil. Famine, drought, civil war and Taliban rule have all had a significant impact on the Afghani people. While this has taken a very negative toll on all Afghan people, I believe, that none have been more negatively impacted than the women of Afghanistan. Having said that, not everything the Western world deems as a negative is also considered negative by the women and men of Afghanistan. One only has to read this quote, â€Å"Wearing the burqua is not mandatory, but few women are rushing to remove them† (Germani 14). While the Taliban and al-Qaida’s rule had a great negative impact from 1996-2001 and obviously oppressive to all Afghani women. They were not the sole source of oppression felt by the Afghan females as stated in this quote, â€Å"The roots of patriarchal oppression go deep in Afghan society - far deeper than the Taliban or al-Qaida.†(Rostami-Povey, E. 2007) As shown in the movie, Enemies of Happiness ( ) Afghan women are still suffering from planned and child bride marriages. Even though marriages of females below the age of 16 are outlawed by the constitution, this movie clearly shows that this continues to happen. As well does the reading from the introduction of Afghan Women in this quote â€Å"Afghan authorities do not investigate women’s complaints† (Rostami-Povey 2). More proof comes from the Ms Magazine article Stones can’t Stop Them, when in April of 2009 the President of Afghanistan signed the Shia Personal Status Law, that included, recognizing child marriages (Tang 21). And although this law was later withdrawn, it shows that oppressive thinking that is still going on in the Afghanistan culture today. Education is another way in which Afghan wo... ... and I saw the civil war; I saw everything damaged and destroyed,† she says, â€Å"This thought was always in my head: ‘I have to be in construction; I have to help conditions here† (Lemmon 35). Afghani women are indeed making a difference; they are also doing it on their own terms. Women of Afghanistan have endured many hardships and unfathomable oppression. A country plagued by war and continued rule by an inhumane rà ©gime or other unwelcome forms of governance. Despite all this, the women of Afghanistan have shown a tremendous resilience and human spirit that shows that women of the world, no matter how badly subjugated, will continue to strive for what they believe in. They are a true testimony to all women and one that I feel shows that the true spirit of mankind may inherently come from the female of the species and not from the much celebrated male!

Working At Community Pharmacies Pakistan Health And Social Care Essay

Pharmacies are managed by a assortment of dispensers in footings of making, cognition and experience. The survey aimed to measure cognition, experience and making of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in Pakistan.MethodsA comparative cross sectional survey was conducted at a indiscriminately selected sample of 371 pharmaceuticss in the three metropoliss of Pakistan. A questionnaire for informations aggregation was developed and finalized by focussed group treatments and pilot testing. The information was coded, entered and analyzed by utilizing SPSS Version 16.ConsequencesFifty per centum of the respondents had right cognition of room temperature. Merely 11.11 % and 5.9 % of the respondents knew about OTC and POM. While 87.6 % , 88.1 % , 58.7 and 95.7 % did non cognize the significance of h.s, q.d, SOS and p.r.n. The respondents did non cognize right the position of deltacortil, septran and fansidar in 26.7 % , 64.2 % , and 44.5 % of the instances severally. While 50.4 % , 77.4 % and 63.6 % were incognizant about the position of Augmentin, metronidazole and Lomotil.DecisionsThe overall cognition and preparation of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in Pakistan is unequal. Presence of qualified individual equipped with sufficient cognition and preparation is required.Key wordsCommunity pharmaceutics, cognition, experience, making, dispensers, PakistanImportant DefinitionsPharmacy: A pharmaceutics is any mercantile establishments selling allopathic medical specialties entirely, or homeopathic or herbal medical specialties if sold aboard allopathic medical specialties. Dispensers: A dispenser is any individual who prepares or gives out medical specialty, irrespective of preparation. Qualified individual: Persons finishing B.Pharm/Pharm.D, sheepskin in pharmaceutics and certified class of drug dispensing or compounders was considered as qualified individuals.BackgroundKnowledge and preparation of wellness professionals is critical for supplying appropriate wellness attention. Proper making and preparation of dispensers can help in accomplishing safe usage of medicines for the patients go toing community pharmaceuticss. Identifying the spread in pattern and preparation dispensers at community pharmaceuticss can supply improved, simple, healing attention services to profit the community [ 1 ] . It is indispensable that the forces managing medical specialties must be equipped with proper making, experience and cognition. They must be cognizant of the factors which influence drug quality and stairss to guarantee that the drugs dispensed to patients are safe and effectual [ 2 ] . Community pharmaceuticss in developing states frequently lack qualified and trained forces to hive away, label and manage drugs in appropriate manner [ 3 ] . It has been reported that in most of the instances dispensers lack formal instruction and preparation and those who are trained are largely non available at these pharmaceuticss [ 4-7 ] . While selling medical specialties it is of import to understand that which medical specialty can be sold with or without prescription. However surveies have reported sale of all types of medical specialties to all patients irrespective of any moral and legal considerations [ 5, 8 ] . The community pharmaceuticss in Pakistan are known to be managed by a diverseness of dispensers in footings of their making, cognition, experience and ages. Inadequate cognition of the dispensers at community pharmaceuticss in Pakistan has been reported [ 9, 10 ] . The making of dispensers vary from qualified druggist, pharmaceutics helpers, pharmaceutics technicians, sheepskin holders in pharmaceutics, to medical physicians, nurses and to the individuals holding no dispensing related instruction and bulk constitute this group [ 1, 3, 9-11 ] . These dispensers have minimum formal instruction with 10 to 12 old ages of schooling and with small or no professional preparation [ 3, 9-11 ] . Even this nominal instruction of primary or secondary degree is seen as a commercial necessity and non as a legal demand to be followed. They largely rely on information gathered by the representatives of pharmaceutical companies therefore selling medical specialties under the influence of publicity of drugs by the pharmaceutical companies [ 10 ] . With this province of making and preparation, here these dispensers are responsible for maps of a dispenser, shop keeper, stock list director, comptroller, prescriber, information supplier and patient counsellor [ 12 ] . Sing the range of their services it seems that they are really specialised professionals holding ample cognition. In existent universe, nevertheless, there is no existent established standard for minimal cognition of dispensers and really small is known about their background experience, perceptual experiences, instruction, preparation and cognition on how they handle the proficient undertakings of drugs storage, quality care, and pull offing assortment of patients with or without prescriptions [ 10, 12-14 ] . This insufficiency of scientific cognition among dispensers contributes to the prevailing low quality services at community pharmaceuticss. This will stay as the chief hurdle at community pharmaceuticss unless the spreads in the cognition of dispensers are identified and corrected. The importance of making, experience, preparation and cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss is non much emphasized in the state. The present survey was conducted to document and compare the province of cognition, experience and making of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in three major countries of Pakistan viz. Islamabad ( national capital ) , Peshawar ( capital of Khyberpakhtoonkhwa state ) and Lahore ( capital of Punjab state ) .MethodologyKeeping in position the federal administrative and regulative construction of the state the capital metropolis Islamabad was selected which is besides geographically in the center of the two states. Peshawar is located towards the No rth of Islamabad ( 184 Km off with 2 hours drive from federal capital ) while Lahore is located in the South ( 384 km off with 4.5 hours drive from federal capital ) . The survey was conducted at 371 indiscriminately selected pharmaceuticss in three metropoliss viz. Islamabad ( 118 ) , Peshawar ( 120 ) and Lahore ( 133 ) . The survey population included all community pharmacy mercantile establishments in Islamabad, Lahore and Peshawar metropoliss selling allopathic medical specialties. Pharmacies located in infirmary and private dispensaries were excluded and any mercantile establishment meeting this definition comprised the trying unit, dispenser being the sampling component. List of medical shops were obtained from several District Health Offices. The most experient dispenser was selected from the pharmaceutics for interview. The Data aggregation tool was developed by focussed group treatments and utilizing the mentions of Drug Act of Pakistan 1976 and relevant regulations under, Good Pharmacy Practice guidelines, International Pharmaceutical Federation ( FIP ) guidelines and review book of pharmaceuticss. Focus group treatments were carried out with community druggist, drug inspectors, academe and members of consumer groups for development and finalisation of informations aggregation tool. Face and content cogency was built through panel of pharmaceutics research experts, community druggists, statistician and pilot testing. Structured questionnaire was used to acquire information on the cognition of the dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss. The value of cronbachaa‚Â ¬a„?s alpha was 0.726 which was applied to measure the dependability and internal consistence of the tool. The questionnaire comprised of a sum of 30 three inquiries which included information on demographics, personal information, position in pharmaceutics, degree of instruction, experience, preparation, beginnings of information, storage temperature, prescription nomenclatures, position of drugs, positions and jobs about profession and suggestions for betterment. The minimal demand for cognition of dispensers was elaborated and transformed into mensurable indexs, which included three subscales: subscale I Knowledge about storage temperature ( 3-6 ) , subscale II Knowledge about prescription nomenclatures ( 7-14 ) and subscale III Knowledge about position of drugs ( 12-24 ) . The composite mark for all sub graduated t ables was 22-44 and lower mark referred to better conformity. Data was collected by trained informations aggregators after seeking permission from relevant drug inspectors. Local chapters of chemist and pharmacist association were contacted and informed sing the survey. The survey was besides approved by the panel of experts at Research & A ; Development wing of Drug Control Organization at Ministry of Health, Government of Pakistan. Informed and verbal consent for engagement was taken from the respondents. Respondents were ensured for the confidentiality of information verbally every bit good as confidentiality under taking signed by the chief research worker was shown. After the information aggregation, information was cleaned, coded and entered in SPSS 16 version. Statistical analysis was undertaken to compare the cognition of dispensers sing storage temperature, prescription nomenclatures and position of drugs among independent variables like urban/rural, location of pharmaceuticss, metropoliss, position of dispenser in pharmaceutics, experience, degree of instruction and preparation.ConsequencesA sum of 371 dispensers were interviewed of which 31.8 % were working in Islamabad, 32.3 % in Peshawar and 35.8 % were in Lahore. All of the dispensers were male with average age 35 old ages, changing from 17 to 75 old ages. The position of dispenser in pharmaceutics was diverse 55 % proprietors, 35.3 % employees, 2.7 % partner, and 1.6 % were licensee. The professional making of dispensers varied ; 4 % were pharmacist, 7 % were pharmaceutics helper, 6 % were dispenser sheepskin holders and 80.3 % were non-qualified. The experience was ; 4 % less than a t welvemonth, 9.7 % between 1-2 old ages, 12.9 % between 2-5 old ages and staying 73.3 % had an experience greater than 5 old ages. Merely 14 % of the dispensers had formal preparation in drug dispensing. Fifty per centum of the respondents had right cognition of room temperature. Refrigerators were available with 76.5 % of the pharmaceuticss while 50.7 % of them were besides selling vaccinums. However 66 % did non cognize which medical specialties to be kept in the icebox and cognition of icebox and vaccinum storage temperature. Merely 11.11 % and 5.9 % of the respondents knew about the significance of OTC and POM severally. However 87.6 % , 88.1 % , 58.7 and 95.7 % did non cognize the significance of h.s, q.d, SOS and p.r.n. The respondents were non cognizant of the position of deltacortil, septran, fansidar, Augmentin, metronidazole and Lomotil as prescription merely medical specialty in 26.7 % , 64.2 % , 44.5 % , 50.4 % , 77.4 % and 63.6 % of the instances severally ( Table I ) . Books were the most often used informations beginning for information by dispensers. In 46.6 % instances dispensers were confer withing Pharmaguide to acquire the desired information followed by British National Formulary 0.3 % , Drug guide 0.3 % and British Pharmacoepia in 0.3 % of the instances. In add-on to knowledge appraisal of dispensers, survey besides included some inquiries to happen general views/opinions of dispensers to acquire some penetration into the grounds of prevalent patterns. Seventy two per centum of dispensers claimed to hold some cognition of ordinance while 17.3 % claimed that they are non practised. Twenty seven per centum of dispensers were of the position that ordinance for pharmaceuticss is rough while 46 % believe that they are acceptable. The sale of prescription merely medicines without prescription was considered as a job by 80 % of the dispensers. Over 90 % of dispensers thought that selling medical specialty is a good occupation and 73.6 % would besides urge this to their households while 80 % were satisfied with their current occupation as dispensers. Bing an honorable and respectable occupation ( 53.6 % ) with ample net incomes ( 26.4 % ) and an chance to be updated with current cognition ( 9.1 % ) were the grounds for fall ining this profession. Dispensers were of the position that they are capable of run intoing the demands of the profession to the full ( 73.6 % ) , to some extent ( 21.8 % ) while 4.6 % believed that they are non run intoing the demands at all. Some of the jobs faced by the dispensers in the profession were patient demand of medical specialties without prescription ( 11.4 % ) , return of expired drugs to the pharmaceutical companies ( 11.4 % ) , clip devouring profession due to long on the job hours ( 10 % ) , ordinance ( 7.9 % ) , and handiness of many trade names in market ( 7.6 % ) , less net income bo rder ( 4.7 % ) , drug supply issues ( 3.8 % ) and illegible prescriptions ( 1.6 % ) . Over 90 % of dispensers believed that distributing in their pharmaceutics was appropriate. The grounds claimed were no ailments from patients ( 12.1 % ) , ample experience ( 7.1 % ) , following ordinances ( 26.6 % ) , holding intensifying services ( 0.5 % ) , transporting out patient guidance ( 11.5 % ) , selling full scope of medical specialties in good vicinity ( 5.8 % ) and presence of qualified individual ( 3 % ) . But still over 80 % of dispensers felt that they are far behind when compared to international criterions of distributing patterns. The dispensers notify that they can lend to the profession through following ordinances ( 25.3 % ) , by advancing generics ( 3.8 % ) , by take downing the monetary values ( 4 % ) , bettering drug handiness ( 1.6 % ) , by undertaking with unethical selling ( 5.7 % ) and this could be achieved by bettering the regulators attitude ( 4.3 % ) . Ninety per centum dispensers identified the demand for developing with 85 % with the consent of go to ing if chance provided. The median obtained for the cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in the three metropoliss was 33 ( 31-37 ) which when compared with mention graduated table ( 22-44 ) showed unequal cognition. While the average obtained in single metropoliss was 32 ( 29-35 ) in Islamabad, 34 ( 32-36 ) in Peshawar and 35 ( 31-38 ) in Lahore. The cognition of dispensers working in community pharmaceuticss in Islamabad was relatively better than in Peshawar and Lahore. Kruskal-Wallis trial was used to compare the cognition of dispensers holding different degree of instruction, working experience in three different metropoliss sing storage temperature, prescription nomenclatures and position of drugs. A important difference in the cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in the three metropoliss was observed. Knowledge of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in Islamabad was relatively better than dispensers working in Peshawar and Lahore ( Table II ) . The dispensers holding experience less than one twelvemonth had better cognition in Lahore ( Table III ) . Pharmacists were holding better cognition sing storage temperature, prescription nomenclatures and position of drugs as compared to pharmaceutics helpers, sheepskin holders and salesmen ( Table IV ) . Mann Whitney and kruskal-wallis trial were used to compare impact of preparation, position in pharmaceutics and rural/urban scene on the cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in the three metropoliss. No important difference was observed among the cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss with different position ( licence, proprietor, partner and employee ) , rural/urban scene and preparation in the three metropoliss.DiscussionMain findings of the surveyThe overall making, cognition and preparation of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in Pakistan is unequal. The presence of lawfully qualified individual is negligible at the pharmaceuticss and in most of the instances proprietors are replacing the qualified individual [ 8-10, 15, 16 ] . They besides lack any formal dispensing related instruction and preparation [ 17 ] . The present survey highlighted that merely few dispensers received any formal preparation in the past old ages but this preparation could non interpret into their better cognition [ 9 ] .This raises inquiries on the quality of developing received by dispensers in the state. Drug information beginnings used by dispensers extremely influence the quality of their cognition. Most of the dispensers were utilizing Pharma Guide a commercially available collection of medical specialties [ 18, 19 ] . The survey consequences besides highlighted pharmaceutical companies as drug information supplier through medical representatives and drug literature [ 5, 10, 20 ] . The consequences of the survey showed that dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in Islamabad had better cognition as comparison to other two metropoliss. Pharmacists were holding relatively better cognition though their presence at community pharmaceuticss was low. The dispensers holding experience of less than one twelvemonth were holding better cognition in Lahore. This might be linked to more figure of druggist and fresh alumnuss w ith updated cognition working at community pharmaceuticss in Lahore. The survey highlighted lacks in basic cognition of dispensers sing prescription nomenclatures. The consequences of the survey showed that most of the dispensers were cognizant of the position of Xanax ( lexotanil ) as POM but surprisingly Mentronidazole ( Flagyl ) , Cotrimoxazole ( Septran ) and Coamixiclave ( Augmentin ) which are POM were considered as OTC by dispensers. This lacking cognition can be linked with deficiency of making and preparation. Majority of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss claimed that selling POM medical specialties without prescription is a job. Dispensers believed that they are far behind in their patterns as compared to international criterions though they are carry throughing the local professional demands. With this hapless province of cognition bulk of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss believed that they are capable of run intoing the demands of their profess ion. It is interesting to detect that dispensers believe that by holding no ailments, ample experience, following ordinances and maintaining full scope of medical specialties they are carry throughing the demand of the profession. This highlights confusion and deficiency of consciousness sing professional duties among dispensers. Majority of them expressed willingness to larn and take part if any chance of preparation is provided. Even though dispensers donaa‚Â ¬a„?t possess proper tools to map, in footings of making and cognition but still they are satisfied with their occupation and would besides urge this to others as they feel it as a profitable white neckband concern with no important jobs. This fact can besides be linked with the current on traveling unbridled scenario in the state in which they can acquire off practising as professionals ; with no making, unequal cognition and appropriate experience, with least demand from regulators and society [ 21 ] .What is a lready known on this subjectInadequate cognition of the dispensers at community pharmaceuticss in Pakistan has been reported [ 9, 10 ] . The importance of making, experience, preparation and cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss is non much emphasized in the state. Very small is known about the background, experience, instruction, preparation and cognition on how they handle the proficient undertakings of drugs storage, quality care, and pull offing assortment of patients with or without prescriptions. The present survey has documented the impact of making, preparation and experience on cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in the state. The survey has besides highlighted jobs faced in this profession and suggestions for bettering the current patterns which has non been antecedently highlighted by any other survey.What this survey addsThis survey aimed to place and compare the bing spreads in the cognition, making and preparation of dispen sers working at community pharmaceuticss in three major metropoliss of Pakistan. The present survey is important and contributes in this facet as it has assessed and compared the cognition of dispensers holding different makings, working experience, position in pharmaceutics, urban/rural scene and preparation received working in different metropoliss. The survey besides highlighted assorted jobs in the profession and suggestions for the bettering the current state of affairs. This survey will function as a baseline to plan future intercessions to better the cognition of dispensers sing drug usage in order to use maximal potencies of community pharmaceuticss in proviso of better patient oriented services.Restriction of the surveySome of the restrictions faced during the survey were fiscal and logistic restraints and political convulsion in the state. Reluctance from dispensers to portion information, existent replies may be different due to the sensitiveness of the inquiries. The cog nition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss was assessed in three major metropoliss and may non be generalizable to the cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in other metropoliss of the state. In decision, deficiency of proper making, preparation and cognition of dispensers is a great challenge for accomplishing effectual wellness of general public go toing community pharmaceuticss. Ambiguity in jurisprudence and its execution and complacency in attitude of relevant interest holders are responsible for such prevalent fortunes. There is a strong demand to implement ordinances to guarantee presence of qualified individual equipped with sufficient cognition and preparation at pharmaceuticss with uninterrupted monitoring plans.Authoraa‚Â ¬a„?s partsA.H. had complete entree to informations of the survey and is responsible for the truth and analysis of informations. A.H. and M.I.M.I. conceptualized and designed the survey. A.H. and M.I.M.I. obtain, analyzed and interpreted the information. Manuscript was drafted by A.H and A.H and M.I.M.I. conducted reappraisal of literature.RecognitionsThe writers would wish to widen their grasp to Ministry of Health Pakistan, Gove rnment of Pakistan. The writers besides thank the District Health Offices of Islamabad, Peshawar and Lahore for their support during the survey. Particular gratitude to the survey participants and informations aggregators and their caputs of pharmaceutics sections at Hamdard University, Islamabad, Peshawar University, Peshawar and Punjab University, Lahore.FundingThe writers would wish to widen their grasp to the Ministry of Health R & A ; D fund Pakistan for partial support of this survey.

The Antisocial Urbanism of Le Corbusier

The Antisocial Urbanism of Le Corbusier Antisocialism in Social Cities 002.png"/>Outline Social versus Antisocial CitiesIntroductionWhat is Socializing?Assorted types of SocializingPhases of Socializing by Richard Moreland and John LevineLe Corbusier vision toward metropoliss and unfavorable judgmentBodyCharles Fourier and Le Corbusier vision by Peter SerenyiArgument of Charles FourierFourier program in â€Å"The Social Destiny of Man†Worlds as Social BeingsCartesian method Vs. John LockeGeorg Simmel: Individuality and Social signifiersBlaise Pascal and Le Corbusier: pointless human relation shipsAntisocial aspiration and criminalismAlbert Camus: Public and private forceDecisionAntisocial City consequence on people lifeLewis Mumford: political and cultural association as chief subjects in the metropolisJane Jacobs: â€Å"people need other people†Sociable metropolis and its citizens: How could a metropolis survive with antisocial symptoms?Social versus Antisocial Cities Socialization is the process through which a individual acquires to bond to an assembly or civilization and act in a manner accepted and recognized by this group or society. Mentioning to most societal experts, socialisation fundamentally expresses the full method of civilization during the life sequence and is a chief inspiration on the public presentation, positions, civilization and activities of all ages. ( Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014 ) Richard Moreland and John Levine ( 1982 ) , proposed a typical method of an assembly socialisation which rely on the statement that people every bit good as groups modify their positions, appraisals and behaviour when interacting through clip. Moreland and Levine propose that an expected classification of stages which arises to let for an single to alter when being portion of a group. They differentiated five stairss of socialisation which indicate this alteration which are: enquiry, socialisation, preservation, resocialization, and memory. Pass ing by each degree, people assess each other through which an development or decrease in confidence to socialisation can be reached. Why metropoliss need socialisation while being a positive thing? Why do we follow it as a good construct through which people are involved in urban diverseness and chances? Is it indispensable for citizens to mix in their metropolis? These questions normally examined explicate the fact that people are non certain about the presence of socialisation in their metropolis. Additionally, people can non deny the negative impact on metropoliss that have an unorganised societal life that should be escaped. By analyzing the chief visual image of Le Corbusier toward the metropolis, these inquiries will be more elucidated. In his Plan Voisin from 1925, his vision involved the proposition of pulverizing the centre of Paris and replace it by towers following a certain grid without taking into consideration the bing surrounding and its historical importance in that country of the metropolis. This image is considered a utopic vision shaped to unite adult male with a well-organized environment follo wing certain regulations and guidelines. However, by making so, he isolated prosaic flow and paths from the roads and streets by overestimating the car as chief tool of motion in the metropolis. This vision is no more prefering the societal contact between the metropolis users who are losing the construct of socialisation by concentrating more on the uniformities of the modern metropolis more than the common bonds and their bounds. Seventy old ages of restated unfavorable judgment of Le Corbusier has been revealed refering socialising since he forgot that metropoliss occur to heighten this procedure. Le Corbusier was considered as a negligent and huffy individual as described by some newsmans. Charles Fourier, the nineteenth-century ideal philosopher was considered besides as an highly hopeless, individual, vagabond individual while being compared to Le Corbusier by Peter Serenyi. As a effect, they both detested human society. Actually, the chief statement presented by Charles Fourier is that societal interaction favor the aggressive behaviour among people since they are motivated by their antisocial passions so if they are obliged to populate together they tend to float apart ( Serenyi, 1967 ) . Fourier suggested in his bookâ€Å"The Social Destiny of Man†( 1808 ) , to divide the society into parts that encompass 16 hundred occupants per piece where each one live in studios, while populating a big house that he named a â€Å"phalanstery.† The result of each piece is monitored by a specialised director that he named the â€Å"areopagus, † who is besides responsible for the societal dealingss among the inmates. Subsequently, people will get down to kill each other after the inmates be isolated to new phalansteries. Serenyi claims that this manner of be aftering a society as the program of Fourier’s and the urban designs of Le Corbusier is decidedly a huffy manner of believing about society ( Serenyi, 1967 ) Zooming in into the architectural graduated table, what qualities shall an single possess in order to be a existent homo being? The dominant answer to this enquiry is that worlds are ab initio societal existences that behave consequently in a societal life in order to carry through their demands. Bing portion of this position, the personality is unsolidified and alterations when combined with human senses and common mechanisms as societal, cultural, and lingual where everyone articulation ( Richard, 2007 ) this manner of believing contradicts that of Descartes if we are to detect theDiscourse on Method( 1637 ) andMeditations on First Philosophy( 1641 ) , since societal engagement is removed from the procedure of happening truth. For Descartes, our motive to achieve opposite positions is the consequence of undependability that we found in when trusting on our senses. The chief intent of this manner of thought is to take people from what they acquired and experienced as old information in order to be able to specify precisely the truth that is behind each one of us. This purpose is sort of impossible since a individual can non deny the old history and behaviour scene that he used to and that are barricading his ability to acknowledge the kingdom. The most trustingly truth is found within each one of us and non following certain regulations and ordinances to make it. ( Richard, 2007 ) In contrast to Maslow pyramid where an indispensable degree in human being life is the belonging demand because people has a fright of purdah, they need to hold this sense that makes them more safe and secured. A human being ever brush alterations and procedure throughout his life that is interchangeable harmonizing to the society and clip factor and non a fixed entity. If a individual does non take part within his society, he or she won’t be able to be a to the full single. For Locke, socialisation is an indispensable procedure to go through through in each phase or one’s life. ( Locke, 1988 ) The German sociologist Georg Simmel, argues that sociableness is independent from a individual development. For him, an person is unable to make a cultural background unless he is involved in his society. ( Simmel, 1968 ) he stated that through being portion of a big group in the society helps developing the individualism of each individual since people within these groups hunt for common evidences between each other in order to collaborate and incorporate more by making meshing relationships. The chief purpose is clear: every bit long as a individual involves and interacts socially with his milieus and society, he or she discovers more about himself and develop more his individualism which would be besides reflected in the scenes of the metropolis. For Simmel, the border nowadays between individualism and collectivity is non a stable: a individual is neither an single animal nor a corporate 1. ( Simmel, 1968 ) hence, a impression has been ever used which is more complex, disordered, rich a society is the more it is able to supply its single with rich experience that is indispensable for the edifice of their ain development and strength. This methodological analysis indicates the importance of the procedure of socialisation in the advancement of a society. However this construct was non applied by everyone and some others found the demand to travel into and antisocial society. ( Richard, 2007 ) A metropolis theoretician would back up the thought of socialisation in the metropolis every bit long as he or she regards it as a positive mean for the metropolis. In contrast to Le Corbusier, who didn’t take into consideration this method. A protagonist of Le Corbusier manner of thought is Pascal’sPenseesin 1670. For Pascal, populating within a group and being attached to the society, people will be making tonss of activities that will deviate them from looking their ain truth and individualism. The lone account of one’s interaction with others is for this individual ain satisfaction and demands. Pascal provinces that relationships between persons are useless and meaningless. Since human qualities and behaviours change through clip therefore, single shall non blow their clip in understanding and cognizing more about others qualities and common evidences. Through purdah, a individual is able to analyse his or her ain ego without pass oning with others that would be obstructions for our true ego. Therefore, Pascal tries to convert to non trust on other people and go devoted to them. Le Corbusier denoted the manner of thought of Pascal when he was inspired about the societal life that he predicted in his programs for the metropolis of Paris. For him, remainder is when a individual spends more clip in his room in his purdah analysing his ain ego. He intended to coerce people to pass more clip in their room more than disbursement it with other people in other topographic points ( Richard, 2007 ) . The manner of thought of Le Corbusier indicates his vision of segregating people each one on his ain by prefering the clip they spend with their purdah. He had multilevel where the autos transit meets the prosaic to cut down common interaction between people. Other inside informations were thought of in order to perfectualize his vision such as making one floor that hosts a large kitchen that has the map of functioning all the suites, no public eatin g houses are available. Sound proofing walls are adding to cut down any noise coming from neighbouring cells. The proposed towers have a cross form to cut down ocular interaction between people. The lone positions to the exterior is nature as sky and verdure. As a drumhead, Le Corbusier insists on the fact that a individual should his ain infinite bubble where he is free to make whatever he desire without being disturbed from other interfering in his ain ego and purdah. However, this sort of individualism is insulating the metropolis from its users where the group construct is removed hence a metropolis would ne'er germinate and come on since each one is populating on its ain with no demand of others. However a group is able to act upon the metropolis and authorities determinations toward the metropolis users. As illustration the purposes to do a main road base on balls through users edifices in Mar Michael el nahr, Beirut, people started attesting against it and making runs to act upon the authorities determinations, individualism can ne'er work out such issues. However, Le Corbusier was non cognizant of these antisocial aspirations, neither their chief menace which is criminalism. Similarly an observation was done by Albert Camus to research the rate the grade of association of the antisocial manner of thought and public presentation of people while linking it with criminalism. â€Å"Every ethic conceived in purdah, implies the exercising of power† Camus provinces inTheJohnny reb( 1951 ) . There are different types of offenses as offense of passion, offense of logic that an antisocial individual detect. The chief thought of Camus was believing that rebellion is an indispensable component of life even if this rebellion might be reflected into force whether in ideas, in society or in individualism, this can non deny its importance. For him, revolution is sincere, every bit long as it does non transform the idea into act, nevertheless by making so, it is considered as a fixed action. Therefore, the rebellion must hold a manner that coexist along the boundary line half off from isolation and society. This shows how Le Corbusier was unable to hold on the menaces that a constructed antisocial metropolis would host. He is considered as more than an first-class designer at the architectural graduated table but when he started to believe on the urban graduated table, this is where the calamities started with him. Presents, metropoliss are valued and measured, without inquiry, depending on the grade of societal activity that they host par excellence. Therefore, holding an thought of making an antisocial metropolis, as a proposal by an urban contriver, is considered an foreign thought to the current ways of thought and behaving. That’s why the thoughts of modern theoretician and utopic manner of thought should be dismissed and replaced by the demands of the metropolis and its users ( Richard, 2007 ) . During the first half of the 20th century, Le Corbusier stressed on believing about metropoliss, nevertheless, in her bookThe Death and Life of Great American Cities( 1961 ) , Jane Jacobs, an urban economic expert who opposes wholly the antisocial vision of Le Corbusier, discussed that â€Å"real people are alone, they invest old ages of their lives in important relationships with other alone people, and are non interchangeable in the least. Severed from their relationships, they are destroyed as effectual societal existences — sometimes for a small piece, sometimes forever.† In other footings, being engaged in a condensed cyberspace of accountable societal interaction, people will be able to get characters and individualities. While observing an assembly of rambunctious kids in a communal undertaking, Jacobs stated that â€Å"these were anon. kids, and the individualities behind them were an unknown. . . . Impersonal metropolis streets make anon. people†¦ I think that people need other people.† One might see that merely in small towns, people demand other people and need to populate closely. However, the chief statement of Jacobs is that populating in metropoliss deliver a diverseness in relationships and interaction among people, this could go on merely if antisocial urban contrivers are out to picture the metropolis streets as â€Å"detached† and their users as â€Å"unidentified.† ( Richard, 2007 ) A relevant illustration could be mentioned is the local Lebanese purposes of devaluating the usage of autos in topographic points in the metropolis, such as the â€Å"Beirut By Bike† activity launched to prefer a more eco-friendly and human motions in the metropolis, a merriment chilling bike drive around Beirut.These activities serve as urban tools to promote societal inclusions, interaction and usage of the metropolis streets by the metropolis users. These activities are besides manifested in Tripoli where a biking event was initiated with a defined motorcycle flight from Maarad Rashid Karami as get downing point traveling to the waterfront and valance. A metropolis without its streets and a street without the metropolis users can non work. Similarly to the instance of Gemayzeh, Beirut, chief additive narrow street, it is a heavy strip in the metropolis and really active during the twenty-four hours and dark. What a metropolis needs is ever a human graduated table bed meshin g with its map, grid, substructure and other beds. The metropolis needs its users and frailty versa and the streets are the chief topographic points lying between the two where the extreme human societal activities should happen to do the metropolis map. Even though societal metropoliss has negative impacts on the users as prefering jobs, confronting more troubles and increasing complications, but its negative impact is able to be grasped more than that of the antisocial metropolis. That’s why making an antisocial metropolis is non a solution for the jobs encountered in a societal metropolis but a manner to increase its complications more. MentionsChief article:Richard, S. ( 2007 ) . The Antisocial Urbanism of Le Corbusier,TheUrban Reinventors, volume 13, issue ( 1 ) , pp. 50-56Jacobs, J. I2007 ) . What Makes A City? Planing for Quality of Space,IOS Press: Dutch capitalBeecher, J. & A ; Bienvenu, R. ( 1971 ) . The Utopian Vision of Charles Fourier, BeaconImperativeness: BostonCamus, A. ( 1978 ) . The Rebel An Essay on Man Revolt, Alfred A. Knopf: New YorkRichards, S. ( 2003 ) . Le Corbusier and The Concept of Self, Yale University Press: NewHaven and LondonSimmel, G. ( 1968 ) . Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations, THE FREE PRESS:New YorkSerenyi, P. ( 1967 ) . Le Corbusier, Fourier, and the Monastery of Ema,Art Bulletin49.4,pp. 277 – 92.Locke, J. ( 1988 ) .Two Treatises of Government, erectile dysfunction. Peter Laslett ( 1690 ; Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, pp. 269 – 78, 283 – 302, 318 – 53.Pascal, B. ( 1670 )Pensees, trans. A. J. Krailsheimer, London: Penguin, 40,42, 43, 59, 275.

Dressing Up Case Essay Example

Dressing Up Case Essay Example Dressing Up Case Essay Dressing Up Case Essay Kohls has several external areas and trends that their strategic managers have to face every day. First, and possibly the most obvious, is their existing competitors. Kohls has to deal with J. C. Penny, Target, Sears, Macys and Wall-Mart as their competition. Theyve most recently had to keep up with Target and J. C. Pennys trends of the cheap chic look when Kohls released their Marc Anthony and Jennifer Lopez product lines. Demographic is the next external area. Kohls target customers are young mothers. That being said, the largest generation of young people since the mores, Generation Y, consists of young mothers. This single external area helped determine their location since they believed their target customer didnt have the time for a long drive to a mall location and dealing with parking hassles. 2. If I was a strategic decision maker at the headquarters of Kohls, I would primarily want to know the general environment sectors: Economic, Demographic, Calculators, Political-Legal, and Technological. These would be important to me because they are more big picture areas than that of the specific environment. If I was a local store anger for Kohls, I would want information from the specific environment: Consumers, Possible Competitors, and Resource Providers. This is because local management has direct contact with the customers and suppliers sales representatives. 3. Kohls is recognizing the trend of convenience and is making Kohls shopping experience with technological ease. Kohls. Com has let customers view their products online and even view an expanded selection of merchandise. Kohls have allowed for a customer to order a product online and return it in the store instead of going through the hassle of returning it through the mail. Kohls has also provided kiosks so that a customer may order something in the store and have it shipped to their home for free. The company is building up the infrastructure which will allow the stores to ship online orders from their stores, rather than their E- Commerce fulfillment centers. During the 2012 holiday season, Kohls shipped selected online orders from their retail distribution centers. By the 2013 holiday season, they expect to ship from 200 of their stores. These changes will allow them to reduce their shipping times and costs. 4. The opportunities I see in this case would be their strategy on location. Kohls target customer, young mothers, creates an opportunity for Kohls due to Generation Y being the largest generation since the baby boomers. Since they considered their target customers in deciding where to place its stores, this created an opportunity for when the women in the largest generation start becoming mothers. The threats would be J. C. Pennys new CEO launching new strategies. Kohls will have to keep up with the new strategies, and new everyday low prices that J. C. Penny is implementing. Dressing Up Case Study By valetudinarians

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE Essays

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE Essays THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE Essay THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE Essay Motivation can be a key-contributing factor in employee performance. It is of great importance to an organization to recognize ways in which it can use employee motivation to positively affect employee performance. The methods used by organizations to motivate its employees are essential in determining how they affect employee performance. There are both positive and negative motivational tools that may be explored. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between motivation and employee performance. Motivation is generally defined as the psychological forces that determine the irection of a persons level of effort, as well as a persons persistence in the face of obstacles. When a person has an increased level of effort and persistence in the workplace they tend to be highly motivated and this more often leads to a higher level of performance. However, the reason for an employees motivation may not necessarily be attributed to the organization . It is possible for an employee who is highly motivated to have low performance and the opposite for a lower motivated employee to have high performance. Although possible, most research studies show higher correlation between higher motivation and higher employee performance. There are both positive motivators and negative motivators that can be utilized by the organization. Positive motivators as employed by organizations may include employee benefits such as increased compensation, bonuses, stock options, profit sharing and other such rewards. Employees may be motivated by both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Intrinsic rewards may be the ability to work autonomously, acknowledgement, and an interest in the type of work they are doing. Extrinsic rewards may be employee recognition, monetary benefits, and other such material rewards. Negative motivators may include a bad performance review, verbal and written warnings, suspension, and termination warnings. An employer may use these various methods in which to motivate its employees. Performance is an evaluation of the results of a persons behavior: It involves determining how well or poorly a person has accomplished a task or done a Job. High employee performance leads to greater organizational success. In order for an rganization to try to acquire higher levels of employee performance via increased employee motivation they must have a strategy to do so effectively. The strategy must ultimately focus on achieving organizational goals while maintaining ways in which to influence motivation, which then inspires employee performance. From the organizational standpoint, there are key factors that impact motivation and its effect on employee performance. One such factor is setting goals for employees that incorporate the vision of the organization. When goals are set for the employee t provides an incentive for the employee and also benefits the organization upon completion relatlve to tne organlzatlons goals as well. Anotner Tactor Is employee engagement. Employee engagement and input allows for a level of commitment from the employee and may serve as an organizations way to be in tune with employee concerns. It is also extremely important to recognize the treatment of employees as a factor of motivating employees and their performance. Employees that are treated well by their organization in turn feel that they are a valued member of the team and ssentially its employer. This contributes to the level of trust that the employee has in the organization and can positively impact how well they perform for the company. Also, it is important to have a clear sense of leadership demonstrated for employees so that they are able to learn from these qualities displayed by successful leaders in the organization. Great leadership helps to motivate employees to perform at high levels and achieve organizational goals, which provide employees with the opportunity to develop within the organization. There are several theories based on motivation provide support for the relationship between motivation and performance. These theories include: Expectancy Theory, MasloWs Hierarchy of Needs, Herzbergs Motivator-Hygiene Theory, McClellands Needs for Achievement, Affiliation and Power, Equity Theory and Goal-setting Theory. Expectancy theory suggests that motivation is high when employees believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and high performance leads to attaining desired outcomes. MasloWs Hierarchy of Needs says that five basic needs must be et by people in the order from bottom to top with each higher level upward leading to motivated behavior. Herzbergs Motivator-Hygiene Theory focuses of two factors attributed to the workplace: 1) meeting basic expectations 2) leading to increased performance. McClellands Needs for Achievement, Affiliation, and Power identifies three needs for a person 1) achievement 2) affiliation 3) power; of which all three pertain to a persons desire to perform well, have positive interpersonal relationships, and the desire to influence others. The Equity Theory is ones perception of fairness elative to their work outcomes and work inputs. Goal-setting Theory focuses on motivation of workers in order to contribute to overall performance of organization based on goals set. All these theories provide explored background information for employee motivation and its relationship to performance. An employees performance isnt solely based on the level of motivation but has an enormous amount of potential to have the greatest influence. There has been consistent empirical evidence to suggest that motivated employees means better performance. Due to motivation being linked to employee engagement, satisfaction, commitment, and an employees intention to quit, it can be said that these major factors also contribute to performance. Their contribution to an employees performance can be directly linked therefore the way in which they serve as components of motivation shows linkage to employee performance. These indicators play a major role in an employees overall performance. An organization and its managements focus through the utilization of employing ways in which to motivate its employees as a performance enhancement should be a rlmary Tocus. I nere are countless ways In wnlcn tney are aDle to ao so ranging from both extrinsic and intrinsic rewards and employee recognition. However, these are valuable for leaders and their organization to know and actively participate in these activities as the idea of motivating employees is not only of beneficial importance to employees but also to an increased level of performance for company employees and the overall organization. Bibliography Motivation in Todays Workplace: The Link to Performance, SHRM Research Quarterly: Second Quarter-2010 hrm. org/research/articles/articles/ Owen E. Richason IV, Motivation Employee Performance, Small Business Houston Chronicle http://smallbusiness. chron. com/motivation-employee- performance-1964. html George, Jones. Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior Sixth Edition. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Prentice Hall, 2012. Nohria, Groysberg, Lee, Employee Motivation: A Powerful New Model, Harvard Business R eview http://hbr. org/2008/07/employee-motivation-a-powerful-new-model/ aril

The #1 Critical, Fundamental Strategy of SAT Reading

The #1 Critical, Fundamental Strategy of SAT Reading SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There are many different strategies out there for solving SAT Reading questions, but succeeding on this section really only requires mastery of one fundamental rule. That rule is this: There’s only one 100% correct answer choice, and all the others can be eliminated without any ambiguity. Read on to find out how this applies to your test-taking strategy and how you can use the rule to improve your scores. Reasons for the Fundamental Rule In this section, I'll go over some background information on the rule and explain why it makes sense. Why Is There No Ambiguity in Answers on the SAT Reading Section? As you know, the SAT is a standardized test.Standardized tests market themselves as objective measures of academic skill; without this objectivity, they lose their relevance. Even a subject like reading, where answers are typically more subjective, must be tested using questions that have only one objectively correct answer.The test would be greatly weakened if people could challenge the questions all the time and argue convincingly that more than one answer could be correct. The College Board would have to throw out all the questions that were disputed, leaving them with less data to calculate scores and a reputation for unreliability. How Does the College Board Make Sure Ambiguity Never Happens? The answer to every reading question can be found directly in the text of the passage. Since the College Board can’t allow any room for interpretation,questions must find ways of restating information that’s already in the text. Questions might might use phrases like â€Å"most nearly means† or â€Å"is best described as† to trick you into thinking more ambiguously about the answers and giving too many of them a fair shot.Don’t let this happen to you!Always remember: ONE ANSWER CHOICE TO RULE THEM ALL. Types of Wrong Answers Let's go over the four types of incorrect answer choices you might see on the test and how to spot them! Type #1: Extra Information or Slightly Off Be a sleuth for extra details in answer choices that aren't backed up by the passage. Even one unsupported descriptive word can make an answer incorrect. Sometimes, an answer will have two parts. If one part works and the other part doesn't, you still need to eliminate it! Make sure you look at both parts of the answer carefully and cross it out if you think either part doesn’t fit. Type #2: Opposite Even if you don’t know the exact answer to the question, you will be able to tell if relationships in the passage were reversed.These answer choices can be tricky because if you’re reading quickly, you might not catch that things are in the wrong order.That's why it’s so important to double check your answers! Type #3: Irrelevant or Concept Jumble Irrelevant answers can be tricky because they prey on students’ tendency to overthink the question and twist any choice into a plausible answer.If something seems unrelated to what you read, it’s wrong. Don’t doubt yourself! Similar to these are concept jumble answer choices, which create weird amalgams of stuff you read in the passage but don’t actually say anything relevant to the question.Again, if you’re going too fast these can be a problem for you. Never choose an answer just because it contains key words. Type #4: Plausible Interpretation These ones can be tough to eliminate, especially if you’re used to viewing literature in the context of English classes where many interpretations are valid.Again, you should only rely on direct evidence to answer Reading questions. Even if the answer seems like it could represent a valid perspective on the passage, if it isn’t supported directly by the text, you need to eliminate it. ALWAYS. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Process of Elimination in Action: Sample Question Now let's take a look at a real SAT Reading question and figure out which three choices can be eliminated. Here's the section of the passage you'll need to read to answer the question: To give a bit of background, the passage as a whole is discussing the position of women in English society. It was written in 1938, soon after women began to join men in the workforce in large numbers. This question asks us to identify the purpose of lines 72-76 in the passage.Remember, we need to find concrete evidence for the answer we end up choosing. Upon reading these lines and the lines immediately afterwards, it appears that they are meant to emphasize the need for women to continue to critique the society they find themselves in even as more barriers to their full participation are lifted ("Where in short is it leading us, the procession of the sons of educated men?"). Now we can go through the choices and figure out which ones to cross out: Choice A: This is an example of a plausible interpretation answer. While it's true that the challege that women face at this period in time is a novel one, lines 72-76 do not exist specifically to emphasize that fact. Notice that there is no reference to the fact that this is a new challege either in those lines or in the rest of the paragraph. This choice can be eliminated. Choice B: This choice is promising. The lines emphasize critical reflection for women who are now joining male-dominated professions.The main point is that even as women join the professional ranks, they should continue to question the nature of the society as a whole. They should keep in mind that it is shaped by its long tradition of excluding women from the public sphere. As the author says, "Let us never cease from thinking - what is this civilization in which we find ourselves?" Choice C: This is another plausible interpretation answer that is just too broad to be the correct choice. The purpose of the lines is not specifically to emphasize the complexity of the political and social issues of the day, even if the fact of this complexity is brought to the forefront by the passage as a whole. We're looking for a more narrowly focused answer that deals specifically with the lines in the question. Choice D: This is an irrelevant answer that borders on an opposite answer. It misses the point of these lines entirely. They are not meant to emphasize the multitude of new career prospects for women. Rather, the passage encourages women not to step blindly into these new fields without examining why they do so and whether they should carry on the traditions of a society that originally took shape with their exclusion in mind. Ok, based on my notes about each answer, choices A, C, and D can all be eliminated. That means choice B must be the correct response! Choice B has direct evidence backing it up, and it matches our original interpretation of the lines perfectly. Let’s Review! The fundamental rule of SAT Reading is that there is only ONE absolutely correct answer choice, and the rest can be eliminated! There are two types of SAT Reading questions: passage-based questions and sentence completion questions. You can detect incorrect answer choices by watching for: Answers that contain extra information or are slightly off Answers that represent the opposite of the relationship described in the passage Answers that are irrelevant or are just a mish-mash of conceptsfound in the passage Answers that are plausible interpretations of the passage, but are not supported by any direct evidence As long as you remember that the correct answer must restate something in the passage, you should be able to eliminate three out of four answer choices on most Reading questions and end up with a great score! What's Next? If you're interested in more tips on raising a low Reading score,take a look at this article! Also check out our advice on how toread passages effectively and stop running out of time. If you already have a good Reading and Writing score, but you want to make it great, read our article on how to get an 800! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Reading lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Politic Matters and Its Effects on Childhood in Congo Research Paper

Politic Matters and Its Effects on Childhood in Congo - Research Paper Example Childhood is a phase everyone goes through to learn, socialize and integrate into the wider society. However, due to the fact that a child is in a preparatory phase of their lives to be ushered into an era where they will work and become productive to their nations, they need to be given proper care and medical attention to ensure that they remain healthy and have a good early life to give optimal results in their adult life. Maintaining and enhancing childhood and child health has not been easy for nations in the developing world, particularly conflict-plagued nations in Africa. These nations are often plagued with war and conflicts. These conflicts make it difficult for Western-influenced medical and social intervention difficult. This paper examines the childhood, war, and conflict as well as how it affects children in Africa with special emphasis on Congo. Child Health & Childhood Childhood is seen as the early years of a person’s life where the person socializes with memb ers of the society and gains an understanding of the world around him or her in preparation for a productive life after age 18 (NICHD Early Childhood Research Network, 2005). In most studies covered by this research though, childhood seems to stretch from the time of birth to about age 12, where a child needs care and attention. As a child grows, s/he needs to get a proper blend of emotional, mental and physical health (Kehily, 2004) in order to become a stable and healthy adult. Emotional health encompasses the right bonds with adults, care and protection from trauma and other harsh conditions that may make a child disturbed. Mental health has to do with the right structures that will give the child a stable mind. Physical health means protection from diseases and other physical injuries that would prevent the child from normal life. In the modern setting, these things should be available to the child as he goes through contact with his or her parents, school and the local communit y. Clarke et al (2003) stress that a good childhood is one in which a child gets the opportunity to grow up an ideal setting. This includes access to good and healthy food, the opportunity to learn and play, protection from diseases and harsh environmental conditions as well as access to proper health care. Child health is the â€Å"professional and academic field that focuses on the determinants, mechanisms and systems that operate and maintain the health, safety, wellbeing and appropriate development of children and their families in countries and societies in order to enhance the future health of society and subsequent generations† (Alexander et al, 2004) This is an aggregate and collective view of the process and system of child health. It shows that child health is about the entire health profession, research, and academic community and its relation with the creation and maintenance of structures and systems that ensure the wellbeing and proper growth of children and the people closest to them that they will normally fall upon for assistance and support.  

Why should saudi arabia care about climate change Research Paper

Why should saudi arabia care about climate change - Research Paper Example Without any doubts, only if all the countries and nations in the world unite for this cause then only we could move towards a solution. Saudi Arabia is one of the countries, which has received the label on being an obstructionist to this cause because reducing carbon emissions would seriously hamper their economy. This paper is an attempt to show that â€Å"why should Saudi Arabia care about climate change†. This paper, written with the help of secondary sources, shows that with a shift from fossil fuels to alternative energy sources and creating a service based, free market, private sector dominated economy would allow the kingdom to remove inefficiencies from the economy and would result in creation of an economy, which would be less vulnerable to external shocks. Second, Saudi Arabia itself is facing the consequences of climate change in form of increasing temperatures, evaporation of Lake Layla, and other water sources, sand storms and others. Third, if Saudi Arabia contin ues to obstruct and create problems for in global climate change then it would not be long before the world would decide to corner Saudi Arabia and impose sanctions and barriers on trade with the country. Fourth, the world is actively looking for alternative energy resources and the kingdom would not be able to blackmail the world for long. Fifth, according to the Islamic principles, it is the responsibility of the government to save the planet. Sixth, if Saudi Arabia continues to destroy the environment with its carbon emissions then this current generation would not be able to look into the eyes of their children for which they would leave the planet in the worse condition. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 INTRODUCTION 4 METHODS 4 RESULTS 5 DISCUSSION 6 CONCLUSION 9 REFERENCES 11 INTRODUCTION Without any doubts, the man of today and the world of today are entirely different from the first man on earth and the face of the earth when human civilization began. Over these past th ousands of years, human growth and development has taken place exponentially. However, at the other side of the picture, this development and progress have to the human civilization with strings attached to it (Moran, pp. 54-59, 2011). Global warming and climate change has already started to effect the environment and atmosphere of the earth and it appears that it would not be long before we witness drastic effects of this climate change. It is time that people should ask themselves one simple question that is â€Å"When we leave this world, would we be able to provide it to our coming generation in the same condition (if not better) in which we received it from our forefathers (Burroughs, pp. 58-59, 2005). Saudi Arabia is one of those countries, which has remained in the spotlight as the â€Å"bad guy† for obstructing and delaying all the resolutions, major movements, and collective global level actions taken for fighting with global warming and environmental destruction. S audi Arabian administration believes that by doing so it is â€Å"protecting its own interests† like every other country (Beniston, pp. 26, 2002). This paper is an attempt to shed some light on the fact that â€Å"why Saudi Arabia should care about Climate Change†. METHODS This research paper will mainly rely on the secondary sources such as books, journals, articles, previously conducted researches, facts, figures, statistics, and others. However, it has been ensured that the data and information, which is being used, is reliable and authentic. RESULTS With a glance at the available secondary data about the topic, there are many reasons why the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia should be concerned about the environmental issues and climate change. Important here to note is that a shift from high

The Slave Trade in Colonial America Research Paper

The Slave Trade in Colonial America - Research Paper Example Slave traders, nevertheless, justified slavery, using British common law, some Christian beliefs, and natural rights philosophy, where these sources promoted slavery through racism. These sources stressed the inferiority of other races and the supremacy of the white race and culture, as well as the authority of Catholicism.1 For centuries, slavery progressed in Colonial America, but not without resistance from abolitionists and slaves themselves2. This paper describes the history and important events during the slave trade in Colonial America. It no longer deals with the abolition of slavery, but focuses on the economic aspects of the slave trade. The Beginnings of Slavery The history of slavery does not begin in colonial America but centuries before that, and it is said to have started in Europe. Booker T. Washington said that slavery of Africans began in A.D.990.3 The Moors who did not have â€Å"curly hair† also actively traded slaves in various countries in Europe and the Middle East.4 The Arabs even brought their â€Å"black ivory† to Cyprus and distributed them across Europe.5 The Portuguese, however, were attributed to be the originators of slavery in Christian Europe.6 Prince Henry, the Navigator (1394-1460), third son of King John I of Portugal, established a navigation college at Sagres on Cape Saint Vincent in 1419, because he wanted to discover new lands and convert the heathens into Catholics.7 All non-Christians were then called as â€Å"heathens,† a pejorative word for people considered as uncivilized. During this time, the world was divided between the Portuguese and the Spaniards, the two Catholic powers with naval capabilities. The British wanted to emulate these old superpowers and explored North America as its colonial territory. From here, they brought and traded slaves, who sustained their new economy.8 The first group of English people sent to the Americas in 1590, the Roanoke, was not a success; they mysteriously dis appeared and were never found again.9 Still, this did not dent the English from pursuing the colonization of America. In 1606, a group of English investors had created the Virginia Company.10 They recruited people who were willing to be the new settlers in America. These new settlers did not originally conceive the need for slavery in their blueprint, because they focused on freedom and the opportunity to own land. Later on, it became clearer that in order to become rich, it was crucial to have the necessary labor to conduct economic activities competitively.11 This â€Å"peculiar institution† of slavery expanded as part of the plantation systems, first in sugar plantations, and then to tobacco and cotton plantations.12 The slaves are then called â€Å"black gold† because of trading profits and plantation profits. One scholar stressed that slavery is not based on color alone, but more for economic reasons: â€Å"The reason for Negro slavery is economic, not racialâ₠¬ ¦[it has more to do with] the cheapness of labor. As compared with Indian and white labor, Negro slavery was eminently superior†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 13 Slavery spread deeply and widely in South, where slave trading generally became predominant. Slave Trade in Colonial America The exact time and place of when and where the slave trade began in America is still debatable. One source

If the marijuana be legalized in all the United States,what the Essay

If the marijuana be legalized in all the United States,what the benefit influence of that to the economy - Essay Example But recent survey and evidence provide effective information about the positive influence of marijuana towards the medical and economic structure of a country. It has been proved scientifically that, the use of marijuana can create positive impact on America as it is less toxic than that of other drugs such as aspirin, tobacco and alcohol. The legalization of marijuana would create potential rise of the economic growth of United States and also can help to lower the rate of crime. For over thousands of years, people are finding way to get relief for the vast struggle of life for enjoying simple pleasure in human life. Marijuana provides relief from stress and struggle that people has to face from day-today life. This essay will discuss about the legalization of marijuana in United States can help to boost its economic growth. In United States, the use of marijuana and medical marijuana has a lengthy history. Cocaine and opium were regarded as the daily used drugs between the years 1900 to 1945. But as the years passed by, strict laws have been implemented on the use of marijuana which is also known as cannabis. United States government made marijuana as illegal despite its huge importance on the medical sector. Recent states revealed that more the 5 billion dollars has been spend on marijuana by the American in every year. This amount of money spend is equivalent to the 1% of the GDP. The amount of money spend on marijuana goes to the mafias and drug dealers. The large proportions of distribution of marijuana are hold by illegal drug dealers rather than contributing to the economy of country. The medicinal value of marijuana can be neglected as it helps patients to get rid of choric illnesses and reduce tension is stressful life. Many scientists and researcher predicts that legalization of marijuana woul d eventually benefit the future of Unites States. Several marijuana laws are enforced which results in to the spending of 1 billion dollar by each state of

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Assignment 1 - Essay Example The falling oil prices have forced oil producers to adopt survival measures that include layoffs of many employees. Other companies related to the oil industry are also feeling the effects of the continued reduction of oil prices. Indeed, the mining and logging industry fired 3,000 employees last month (Zumbrun 1). Moreover, Schlumberger seeks to lay off about 9,000 employees since the plunging oil prices are jeopardizing production (Strauss 1). Hercules Offshore Inc is also planning to fire about 324 employees since oil producers are not willing to renew contracts for their offshore drilling rigs (Sparshott 1). Most notable U.S. economists assert that suppliers of U.S oil and gas companies will fire about 40,000 employees while equipment manufacturers could lay off 5,500 employees by December this year (Zumbrun 1). I support the need to address the issue of plunging oil prices since they threaten employment rates in U.S. In addressing the issue, U.S will safeguard the jobs at oil companies, supplying, and manufacturing companies associated with the oil industry. I am grateful of your time and continued coverage of this

Business Entities, Laws, and Regulations Research Paper - 1

Business Entities, Laws, and Regulations - Research Paper Example Lou and Jose have planned to open a sports bar and restaurant, but they seem to have insufficient funds to support their business plan. Miriam, an investor, wants to provide capital to start the business on a partnership basis but has no time to participate in the day to day affairs of business. Lou and Jose have the option of either to accept the proposal of Miriam or to take loans from other institutions as they are short of fund. It can be stated in this respect that it will be profitable for Lou and Jose to accept the proposal of Miriam which would facilitate the sufficiency of the fund in return of a certain percentage of ownership, thus reducing the debt as well as interest rate risks. However, it is worth mentioning that prior to launching a business as a partnership concern, legal agreements should be signed explicitly documenting the rights and liabilities of each member. The other most important criteria in the bar and restaurant business are to acquire the license to serve alcoholic beverages to the customers. In addition to the alcohol supplying license, the entity should also acquire entertainment license from the local government which includes the permit to broadcast sporting shows on large television screens along with facilitating live amusement activities and dance performances. Since the business requires heavy investment in furniture, dà ©cors, and other types of equipment, necessary investments should be made in terms of insurances so as to avoid any risk related to these factors.

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Assignment 1 - Essay Example The falling oil prices have forced oil producers to adopt survival measures that include layoffs of many employees. Other companies related to the oil industry are also feeling the effects of the continued reduction of oil prices. Indeed, the mining and logging industry fired 3,000 employees last month (Zumbrun 1). Moreover, Schlumberger seeks to lay off about 9,000 employees since the plunging oil prices are jeopardizing production (Strauss 1). Hercules Offshore Inc is also planning to fire about 324 employees since oil producers are not willing to renew contracts for their offshore drilling rigs (Sparshott 1). Most notable U.S. economists assert that suppliers of U.S oil and gas companies will fire about 40,000 employees while equipment manufacturers could lay off 5,500 employees by December this year (Zumbrun 1). I support the need to address the issue of plunging oil prices since they threaten employment rates in U.S. In addressing the issue, U.S will safeguard the jobs at oil companies, supplying, and manufacturing companies associated with the oil industry. I am grateful of your time and continued coverage of this

Bitumen Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bitumen - Lab Report Example Each test aimed at measuring the depth of to which a standard needle would penetrate the sample of bitumen under standard conditions. There were two conditions hereunder: temperature of 25 degrees Celsius and a load of 100 grams for a given time frame. The result of this test revealed the average value of depth of penetration to be 49.33 dmm. Apparently, the bitumen sample (44-60) grade bitumen. When a steel ball of diameter 9.5 mm was allowed to fall through the sample of bitumen to a depth of 25 mm, the study found 61.5 degrees Celsius as the softening point temperature. Bitumen is non-crystalline oil based viscous substance or solid, which is derived from petroleum, which exists as a by-product of oil refinery process. It is soluble in carbon disulphide and has adhesive properties. Bitumen is made up of organic liquids mixtures, which are characteristically highly viscous, sticky, and black. It is mainly composed of highly condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. In the refinery process, bitumen is often obtain in a process involving the removal of lighter fractions such as petrol, diesel, and liquid petroleum through distilling blends of crude oil in the refinery process. Bitumen is widely used in the construction industry. It is primarily used as a key constituent of most products that used in roofing and paving applications. Bitumen is also largely used in asphalt as a binder for roads. Besides, bitumen is used in paved regions such as car parks, footways, and airport runways. Natural bitumen is often formed from the oil that has already been generated and migrated into reservoirs. This oil should also have been subjected to normal processes alongside other effects. This study explored various properties of bitumen as used in the construction industry. The focus was determining the softening point of a sample of bitumen, the penetration value of three samples of the penetration grade bitumen, identifying which of the three given

The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing Essay Example for Free

The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing Essay In the introduction to â€Å"They Say/ I Say†: the Moves That Matter in Academic Writing, Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein provide templates designed to help with academic thinking and writing. Specifically, Graff and Birkenstein argue that the types of writing templates they offer realistically help set up a conversation and argument. As the authors themselves put it, â€Å"In our view, then, the best academic writing has one underlying feature: it is deeply engaged in some way with other peoples views. † Although some people believe to sound intelligent you must state your claim and provide facts on why your claim is true, Graff and Birkenstein insist that to â€Å"play it safe and avoid controversy in your writing† is lifeless. In sum, then, their view is that if you are going to write, write to stir controversy and cause discussion, along with giving the basics to master good academic writing. I agree, in my view, the types of templates that the authors recommend invite people to start conversation and learn different points of views as well as teaching others, and the templates themselves gives people the opportunity to hone the skills of academic writing. For instance, when using the template for writing they get us to include the opposition’s possible belief or rebuttal to our own points, which in return force us as the writer to look beyond just our thoughts and look through other’s eyes. Some might object, of course, on the grounds that our creativity when using templates would be greatly diminished. Yet I would argue that the templates simply give us a cornerstone to start with, and we can build our paper off of it as creative as we want. Overall, then, I believe the templates simply help us practice to become better writers much like practicing sports when you first begin playing, to become the best we can be.

International Capital Mobility Essay -- Economics Economy Financial Is

International Capital Mobility â€Å"Globalization is today's reality. Like it or not, the move to a world economy is a fact of life. At some point in the 1990s the process achieved critical mass and people started to sit up and take notice. Many were apprehensive. Today, almost all of us are aware that our lives are being shaped by an interconnected world economy of cross-border flows of trade, finance and technology. In our hearts, we know that there is no going back.† -Maria Livanos Cattaui, Secretary General of the International Chamber of Commerce. As evidenced by the above quotation, any analysis of the central economic issues of our time is incomplete without a clear understanding of the increasing interconnectedness among nations. Globalization and integration are two very potent and monumental forces that are rapidly transforming not only the way individuals and governments conduct business, but the nature of the modern world itself. Nations’ economies interact on a level unforeseen a century ago, consequently rendering isolationism no longer possible. The ties that bind are growing tighter and economic phenomena are transcending the local to have worldwide implications. It is therefore imperative for today’s observer of economic events to be knowledgeable about the greater picture surpassing the regional. In this regard, there is no greater subject to begin studying than global finance. The international financial system is a phenomenon of vast importance that has demonstrated its power in fueling large amounts of economic growth. Many extol its virtues, citing the massive gains in productivity it channels. Others, however, harbor misgivings and claim... ...ld Economic Crisis,† New Republic April 17, 2000. 7 Paul Krugman, â€Å"Capital Control Freaks,† Slate/The Dismal Science September 28, 1999. 8 Paul Krugman, â€Å"Capital Control Freaks.† 9 J. Bradford DeLong 10 Robert Krol, â€Å"The Case for Open Global Capital Markets,† Cato Trade Briefing Paper: March 15, 2001. 11 Robert Krol 12 Robert Krol 13 Robert Krol 14 Robert Krol 15 Robert Krol 16 Robert Krol 17 Lawrence H. White, â€Å"Asia Needs Capital Controls? It Just Ain’t So!† Freeman March, 1999. 18 Lawrence H. White 19 Anna J. Schwartz, â€Å"International Financial Crises: Myths and Realities† Cato Journal , Winter 1998: 251-256 20 Lawrence H. White 21 David F. DeRosa, In Defense of Free Capital Markets: The Case Against a New International Financial Architecture, (Princeton: Bloomberg Press, 2001) xiv. 22 DeRosa xiv.

The Maturation of Telemachus in Homers Odyssey Essay -- Odyssey essay

The Maturation of Telemachus in Homer's Odyssey       The Odyssey was a great book in which many characters were brought out and developed.   The most significant development that occured in the epic was the development of Telemachus.   Telemachus is a very complex character that Homer develops from beginning to end.   From the beginning when is a mere shadow of his father to near the end in which he is considered just as courageous.   Many factors influence Telemachus as he matures into a man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To begin with his name means "Far from Battle".   This was given to him because he was born when the male generations of his parents were going off to the Trojan War.  But the name proves to be ironic, for the epic ends with Telemachus taking part in two battles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not having any father figures as a child severely effects Telemachus.   He becomes a timid, shy and spineless boy who is greatly pampered by his mother.   He is not helped by being the son of a world-famous father- a difficult reputation to live up to.   This lack of motivation and assertive behavior does not help Telemachus when the suitors start eating away at his estate.   Telemachus knows what the suitors are doing is wrong but yet does not do anything about it.   Telemachus foolishly hopes that his father will come and clean up the mess that the suitors are to blame for.   Telemachus knows that his father would handle the situation with the suitors in a much more aggressive manner than he does.   Odysseus would kill all of them for being treacherous beings, while Telemachus does nothing but whine.   Telemachus says "how his noble father might come back out of the blue, drive the suitors headlong from the house, and so regain his loyal honors, ... ...us and his son fight side by side against the suitors. It is clear at this point that the old Telemachus is gone and all that is there is a new brave, bold and thoughtful Telemachus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Homer does a wonderful job in maturing Telemachus during the course of this book.   It is delightful to see a young, foolish boy grow into the proud man that he became.   Pallas Athene helped get the wheels in motion but it takes true hero to get places and keep the status that he gains.   We last see him standing within the accurate order of the clan of Odysseus, when Grandfather Laertes, Odysseus, and Telemachus, all in armor, all defending the ancestral estate receive the blessing of Pallas Athene and of Zeus. Works Cited and Consulted Homer, The Odyssey, ed. W. Shewring Oxford University Press, 1980. Tracy, Stephen V. The Story of the Odyssey Princeton UP 1990